- Grounded Annotation Format (GAF): a framework to represent events in a formal context that can represent information from both textual and extra-textual sources
- NLP Annotation Format (NAF): The NAF format is linguistic annotation format designed for complex NLP pipelines. NAF combines strengths of the Linguistic Annotation Framework (LAF) and the NLP Interchange Format.
- Simple Event Model (SEM): SEM is an ontology to describe events in terms of “who did what with what to whom,where, and when?”